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The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques, and Discoveries of The English Nation v. 4

R >> Richard Hakluyt >> The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques, and Discoveries of The English Nation v. 4




* * * * *

A learned Epistle written 1581. vnto the famous Cosmographer M. Gerardus
Mercator concerning the riuer Pechora, Naramsay, Cara reca, the mighty
riuer of Ob, the place of Yaks Olgush in Siberia, the great riuer Ardoh,
the lake of Kittay called of the borderers Paraha, the Countrey of Carrah
Colmak, giuing good light to the discouery of the Northeast passage to
Cathay, China and the Malucaes.

Inclyto et celebri Gerardo Mercatori, domino et amico singulari in manus
proprias Duisburgi in Cliuia.

Cum meminissem, amice optime, quanta, cum vnam ageremus, delectatione
afficerere in legendis Geographicis scriptis Homeri, Strabonis,
Aristotelis, Plinij, Dionis et reliquorum, lætatus sum eo quod incidissem
in hunc nuncium, qui tibi has literas tradit, quem tibi commendatum esse
valde cupio, quique dudum Arusburgi hîc ad Ossellam fluuium appulit.
Hominis experientia, vt mihi quidem videtur, multum te adiuuerit in re vna,
eaque summis à te votis expetita, et magnopere elaborata, de qua tam varie
inter se dissentiunt Cosmographi recentiores; patefactione nimirum ingentis
illius Promontorij Tabin, celebrisque illius et opulentæ regionis sub
Cathayorum rege per Oceanum ad Orientem brumalem. [Sidenote: Duæ naues
ædificatæ in Duina fluuio ad patefactionem Orientalem.] Alferius is est
natione Belga, qui captiuus aliquot annos vixit in Moscouitarum ditione,
apud viros illic celeberrimos Yacouium et Vnekium; à quibus Antuerpiam
missus est accersitum homines rei nauticæ peritos, qui satis amplo
proposito præmio ad illos viros se recipiant; qui Sueuo artifice duas ad
eam patefactionem naues ædificarunt in Duina fluuio. Vt ille rem proponit,
quamquam sine arte, apposite tamen, et vt satis intelligas, quod quæso
diligenter perpendas, aditus ad Cathayam per Orientem procul dubio
breuissimus est et almodum expeditus. Adijt ipse fluuium Obam tum terra per
Samoedorum et Sibericorum regionem, tum mari per littus Pechoræ fluminis ad
Orientem. Hac experientia confirmatus certò apud se statuit nauim mercibus
onustam, cuius carinam non nimium profundè demissam esse vult, in Sinum S.
Nicolai conducere in regione Moscouitarum, instructam illam quidem rebus
omnibus ad eam patefactionem necessarijs, atque illic redintegrato
commeatu, Moscouitiæ nationis notissimos iusta mercede asciscere: qui et
Samoedicam linguam pulchre teneant, et fluuium Ob exploratum habeant, vt
qui quotannis ea loca ventitant. Vnde Maio exeunte constituit pergere ad
Orientem per continentem Vgoriæ ad Orientales partes Pechoræ, Insulamque
cui nomen est Dolgoia. [Sidenote: Dolgoia Insula.] Hic latitudines
obseruare, terram describere, bolidem demittere, locorumque ac punctorum
distantias annotare, vbi et quoties licebit. Et quoniam Pechoræ Sinus vel
euntibus vel redeuntibus commodissimus est tum subsidij tum diuersorij
locus propter glaciem et tempestates, diem impendere decreuit cognoscendis
vadis, facillimoque nauium aditu inueniendo: quo loco antehac aquarum
altitudinem duntaxat ad quinque pedes inuenit, sed profundiores canales
esse non dubitat: [Sidenote: Insula Vaigats.] deinde per eos fines pergere
ad tria quatuorve milliaria nautica, relicta Insula quam Vaigats vocant,
media ferè via inter Vgoriam et Nouam Zemblam: [Sidenote: Sinus inter
Vaigats et Obam vergens per meridiem.] tum Sinum quendam pæterire inter
Vaigats atque Obam, qui per Meridiem vergens pertingit ad terram Vgoriæ, in
quem confluunt exigui duo amnes Marmesia atque Karah [Marginal note: Vel
Naramsey et Cara reca.], ad quos amnes gens alia Samoedorum accolit immanis
et efferata. Multa in eo tractu loca vadosa, multas cataractas inuenit; sed
tamen per quas possit Nauigari. [Sidenote: Littus Obæ incolitubar Ostijs
trium dierum itinere.] Vbi ad fluuium Obam peruentum fuerit, qui quidem
fluuius (vt referunt Samoedi) septuaginta habet ostia, quæ propter ingentem
latitudinem multas magnasque concludentem Insulas, quas varij incolunt
populi, vix quisquam animaduertat, ne temporis nimium impendat, constituit
ad summum tria quatuorve tentate ora, ea præsertim quæ ex consilio
Incolarum, quos in itinere aliquot habiturus est, commodissima videbuntur,
triaque quatuorve eius regionis nauigiola tentandis Ostijs adhibere, quàm
fieri potest ad littus proxime, (quod quidem sub itinere trium dierum
incolitur) vt quo loco tutissime nauigan possit, intelligat.

[Sidenote: Yaks Olgush locus super Obam fluuium duodecim dierum itinere a
mari.] Quod si nauim per fluuium Obam aduerso amne possit impellere, prima
si poterit cataracta, eaque, vt verisimile est, commodissima, ad eumque
locum appellere, quem aliquando ipse cum suis aliquot per Sibericorum
regionem terra adijt, qui duodecim iuxta dierum itinere distat à Mari, quà
influit in mare flumen Ob, qui locus est in continente, propè fluuium Ob
cui nomen est Yaks Olgush, nomine mutuato ab illo magno Profluente flumini
Ob illabente, tum certè speraret maximas se difficultates superasse.
Referunt enim illic populares, qui trium duntaxat dierum nauigatione ab eo
loco abfuerunt (quòd illic rarum est, eo quòd multi ad vnum duntaxat diem
cymbas pelliceas à littore propellentes oborta tempestate perierunt, cùm
neque à sole neque à syderibus rectionem scirent petere) per transuersum
fluminis Ob, vnde spaciosum esse illius latitudinem constat, grandes se
carinas præciosis onustas mercibus magno fluuio delatas vidisse per Nigros,
puta Æthiopes. [Sidenote: Ardoh flumen influens in lacum Kitthaym: de quo
in itinere ad Boghariam scribit Antonius Ienkinsonus.] Eum fluuium Ardoh
illi vocant, qui influit in lacum Kittayum, quem Paraha illi nominant, cui
contermina est gens illa latissimè fusa, quàm Carrah Colmak appellant, non
alia certè quàm Cathaya. Illic, si necessitas postulabit, opportunum erit
hybernare, se suosque reficere, resque omnes necessarias conquirere. Quòd
si acciderit, non dubitat interim plurimùm se adiutum iri, plura illic
quærentem atque ediscentem. Veruntamen sperat æstate eadem ad Cathayorum
fines se peruenturum, nisi ingenti glaciei mole ad os fluuij Obæ
impediatur, quæ maior interdum, interdum minor est. Tum per Pechoram redire
statuit, atque illic hybernare: vel si id non poterit, in flumen Duinæ, quo
mature satis pertinget, atque ita primo vere proximo in itinere progredi.
Vnum est quòd suo loco oblitus sum. [Sidenote: Carrah Colmakest Cathaya.]
Qui locum illum Yaks Olgush incolunt, à maioribus suis olim prædicatum
asserunt, se in lacu Kitthayo dulcissimam campanarum harmoniam audiuisse,
atque ampla ædificia conspexisse: Et cùm gentis Carrah Colmak mentionem
faciunt (Cathaya illa est) ab imo pectore suspiria repetunt manibusque
proiectis suspiciunt in coelum, velut insignem illius splendorem innuentes
atque admirantes. Vtinam Alferius hic Cosmographiam melius saperet, multum
ad illius vsum adiungeret, qui sanè plurimus est. Multa prætereo, vir
amicissime, ipsumque hominem te audire cupio, qui mihi spospondit se in
itinere Duisburgi te visurum. Auet enim tecum conferre sermones, et procul
dubio hominem multum adiuueris. Satis instructus videtur pecunia et gratia,
in quibus alijsque officijs amicitiæ feci illi, si vellet, mei copiam. Deus
Optimus maximus hominis votis atque alacritati faueat, initia secundet,
successus fortunet, exitum foelicissimum concedat. Vale amice ac Domine
singularis.

Arusburgi ad Ossellam fluuium 20. Februarij 1581.

Tuus quantus quantus sum
Ioannes Balakus.


The same in English.

To the famous and renowned Gerardus Mercator, his Reuerend and singular
friend at Duisburgh in Clieueland, these be deliuered.

Calling to remembrance (most deare Friend) what exceeding delight you tooke
at our being together, in reading the Geographicall writings of Homer,
Strabo, Aristotle, Plinie, Dion, and the rest, I reioyced not a little that
I happened vpon such a messenger as the bearer of these presents, (whom I
do especially recommend vnto you) who arriued lately here at Arusburg vpon
the riuer of Osella. This mans experience (as I am of dpinion) will greatly
auaile you to the knowledge of a certaine matter which hath bene by you so
vehemently desired, and so curiously laboured for, and concerning the which
the late Cosmographers do hold such varietie of opinions: namely, of the
discouerie of the huge promontorie of Tabin, and of the famous and rich
countreys subiect vnto the Emperor of Cathay and that by the Northeast
Ocean sea. [Sidenote: Two ships built vpon the riuer of Dwina for the
Northeast discouerie.] The man is called Alferius [Marginal note: Or
Oliuer.] being by birth a Netherlander, who for certaine yeeres liued
captiue in the dominions of Russia vnder two famous men Yacouius and
Vnekius, by whom he was sent to Antwerp to procure skilfull Pilots and
Mariners, (by propounding liberall rewards) to go vnto the two famous
personages aforesayd, which two had set a Sweden Shipwright on worke to
build two ships for the same discouerie vpon the riuer of Dwina. The
passage vnto Cathay by the Northeast (as he declareth the matter, albeit
without arte, yet very aptly, as you may well perceiue, which I request you
diligently to consider) is without doubt very short and easie. This very
man himselfe hath trauelled to the riuer of Ob, both by land, through the
countreys of the Samoeds, and of Sibier, and also by Sea, along the coast
of the riuer Pechora Eastward. Being encouraged by this his experience he
is fully resolued with himselfe to conduct a Barke laden with merchandize
(the keele whereof hee will not haue to drawe ouer much water) to the Baie
of Saint Nicholas in Russia, being furnished with all things expedient for
such a discouerie, and with a new supply of victuals at his arriuall there,
and also to hire into his companie certaine Russes best knowen vnto
himselfe, who can perfectly speake the Samoeds language, and are acquainted
with the riuer of Ob, as hauing frequented those places yeere by yeere.

[Sidenote: The Island of Dolgoia.] Whereupon about the ende of May hee is
determined to saile from the Baie of S. Nicholas Eastward, by the maine of
Ioughoria, and so to the Easterly parts of Pechora, and to the Island which
is called Dolgoia. And here also hee is purposed to obserue the latitudes,
to suruey and describe the countrey, to sound the depth of the Sea, and to
note the distances of places, where, and so oft as occasion shall be
offered. And forasmuch as the Baie of Pechora is a most conuenient place
both for harbour and victuall, as well in their going foorth as in their
returne home in regard of Ice and tempest, he is determined to bestow a day
in sounding the Flats, and in searching out the best entrance for ships: in
which place heretofore he found the water to be but fiue foote deepe,
howbeit he doubteth not but that there are deeper chanels: [Sidenote: The
Island of Vaigats. A Baie betweene Vaigats and Ob trending Southerly.] and
then hee intendeth to proceed on along those coasts for the space of three
or foure leagues, leauing the Island called Vaigats almost in the middle
way betweene Vgoria and Noua Zembla: then also to passe by a certaine Baie
betweene Vaigats and Ob, trending Southerly into the land of Vgoria,
whereinto fall two small riuers called Marmesia and Carah [Marginal note:
Or, Naramsey and Cara Reca.], vpon the which riuers doe inhabite an other
barbarous and sauage nation of the Samoeds. He found many Flats in that
tract of land, and many cataracts or ouerfals of water, yet such as hee was
able to saile by. When hee shall come to the riuer of Ob, which riuer (as
the Samoeds report) hath seuentie mouthes, which by reason of the huge
breadth thereof containing many and great Islands, which are inhabited with
sundry sortes of people, no man scarcely can well disouer, because he will
not spend too much time, he purposeth to search three or foure at the most
of the mouthes thereof, those chiefly which shall be thought most
commodious by the aduise of the inhabitants, of whom hee meaneth to haue
certaine with him in his voyage, and meaneth to employ three or foure
boates of that Countrey in search of these mouthes, as neere as possibly he
can to the shore, which within three dayes iourney of the Sea is inhabited,
that he may learne where the riuer is best nauigabie. [Sidenote: The place
vpon the riuer Ob, where he was but 12. dayes iourney from the mouthes
thereof and is called Yaks Olgush.] If it so fall out that he may sayle vp
the riuer Ob against the stream, and mount vp to that place which
heretofore accompanied with certaine of his friends, he passed vnto by land
through the countrey of Siberia which is about twelue dayes iourney from
the Sea, where the riuer Ob falleth into the Sea, which place is in the
Continent neere the riuer Ob, and is called Yaks Olgush, borowing his name
from that mightie riuer which falleth into the riuer Ob, then doubtlesse
hee would conceiue full hope that hee had passed the greatest difficulties:
for the people dwelling thereabout report, which were three dayes sayling
onely from that place beyond the riuer Ob, whereby the bredth thereof may
be gathered (which is a rare matter there, because that many rowing with
their boates of leather one dayes iourney onely from the shore, haue bene
cast away in tempest, hauing no skill to guide themselues neither by Sunne
nor Starre) that they haue seene great vessels laden with rich and precious
merchandize brought downe that great riuer by blacke or swart people.
[Sidenote: M. Ienkinson in his voyage to Boghar speaketh of the riuer
Ardok.] They call that riuer Ardoh, which falleth into the lake of Kittay,
which they call Paraha, whereupon bordereth that mighty and large nation
which they call Carrah Colmak, which is none other then the nation of
Cathay. There, if neede require, he may fitly Winter and refresh himselfe
and his, and seeke all things which he shall stand in need of: which if it
so fall out, he doubteth not but in the meane while he shall be much
furthered in searching and learning out many things in that place. Howbeit,
he hopeth that hee shall reach to Cathaya that very Sommer, vnlesse he be
hindered by great abundance of Ice at the mouth of the riuer of Ob, which
is sometimes more, and sometimes lesse. If it so fall out, he then
purposeth to returne to Pechora, and there to Winter: or if he cannot doe
so neither, then hee meaneth to returne to the riuer of Dwina, whither he
will reach in good time enough, and so the next Spring following to proceed
on his voyage. One thing in due place I forgate before.

The people which dwell at that place called Yaks Olgush, affirme that they
haue heard their forefathers say, that they haue heard most sweete harmonie
of bels in the lake of Kitthay, and that they haue seene therein stately
and large buildings: and when they make mention of the people named Currah
Colmak (this countrey is Cathay) they fetch deepe sighes, and holding vp
their hands, they looke vp to heauen, signifying as it were, and declaring
the notable glory and magnificence of that nation. I would this Oliuer were
better seen in Cosmographie, it would greatly further his experience, which
doubtlesse is very great. Most deare friend, I omit many things, and I wish
you should heare the man himselfe which promised mee faithfully that he
would visite you in this way at Duisburg, for he desireth to conferre with
you, and doubtlesse you shall very much further, the man. He seemeth
sufficiently furnished with money and friends, wherein and in other offices
of curtesie I offered him my furtherance if it had pleased him to haue vsed
me. The Lord prosper the mans desires and forwardnesse, blesse his good
beginnings, further his proceedings, and grant vnto him most happy issue.
Fare you well good sir and my singular friend. From Arusburg vpon the riuer
of Ossella, the 20. of February, 1581.

Yours wholly at commandement,

Iohn Balak


Master Anthonie Ienkinson in a disputation before her Maiestie with sir
Humfrey Gilbert for proofe of a passage by the Northeast to Cathaya, among
other things alleageth this: videlicet, that there came a continuall
streame or currant through Mare glaciale, of such swiftnesse as a Colmak
told him, that if you cast any thing therein, it would presently be caried
out of sight towards the West, &c.

* * * * *

A testimonie of the Northeasterne Discouerie made by the English, and of
the profite that may arise by pursuing the same: taken out of the second
volume of Nauigations and Voyages, fol. 17. of the notable Cosmographer
M. Iohn Baptista Ramusius, Secretaire to the State of Venice: Written in
Italian in the yeere, 1557.

D'alla parte poi di sotto la nostra Tramontana, che chiascuno scrittore et
Cosmographo di questi et de passati tempi fin'hora vi ha messo e mette mare
congelato, et che la terra corra continuamente fino a 90. gradi verso il
Polo: sopro questa mappa-mondo all' incontro si vede che la terra và
solamente vn poco sopra la Noruega et Suetia, e voltando corre poi Greco e
Leuante nel paese della Moscouta et Rossia, et và diritto al Cataio. Et che
cio sia la verità, le nauigationi che hanno fatte gl' Inglesi con le loro
naui, volendo andare à scoprire il Cataio al tempo del Re Odoardo Sesto
d'Inghilterra, questi anni passati, ne possono far vera testimonianza:
perche nel mezzo del loro viaggio, capitate per fortuna a i liti di
Moscouia doue trouarano all' hora regnare Giouanni Vasiliuich Imperatore
della Rossia e gran Duca di Moscouia, il quale con molto piacere e
marauiglia vedutogli, fece grandissime carezze, hanno trouato quel mare
essere nauigabile, e non agghiacciato. La qual nauigatione (ancor che con
l'esito fin hora non sia stata bene intesa) se col spesso frequentarla et
col lungo vso et cognitione de que' mari si continuerà, è per fare
grandissima mutatione et riuolgimento nelle cose di questa nostra parte del
mondo.


The same in English.

Moreouer (hauing before spoken of diuers particularities, in an excellent
Map of Paulus Venetus) on that part subiect to our North pole, where euery
writer and Cosmographer of these and of former times hitherto, haue, and
doe place the frozen Sea, and that the land stretcheth continually to 90.
degress, towards the pole: contrarywise, in this mappe is to bee seene,
that the land extendeth onely a litle aboue Norway and Swethland, and then
turning it selfe trendeth afterwards towards the Southeast and by East,
vnto the countrey of Moscouie and Russia, and stretcheth directly vnto
Cathay. And that this is true, the nauigations which the English men haue
of late made, intending to discouer Cathay, in the time of Edward the sixt,
king of England, are very sufficient witnesses. For in the mids of their
voiage, lighting by chance vpon the coast of Moscouie (where they found
then reigning Iohn Vasiliwich Emperor of Russia, and great Duke of
Moscouia, who after he had, to his great delight and admiration, seene the
English men, entertained them with exceeding great curtesies) found this
sea to be nauigable, and not frozen.

[Sidenote: The great hope of the Northeastern dicouerie.] Which nauigation
to Cathay, although it be not as yet throughly knowen, yet if with often
frequenting the same, and by long vse and knowledge of those seas it bee
continued it is like to make a wonderfull change and reuolution in the
state of this our port of the world.

* * * * *

The testimonie of Gerardus Mercator in his last large Mappe of Europe,
touching the notable discoueries of the English, made of Moscouie by the
Northeast.

Magnam occasionem certamque rationem emendandæ Europæ nobis attulit
celeberrima Angloram per Cronium mare nauigatio: quæ littora
Septentrionalia Finlappie Moscouiæque iuxta coeli situm, mundíque plagas
digesta habet. Exacta etiam vrbis Moscuæ latitudo ab Anglis obseruata,
interiorum Regionum emendatiùs describendarum infallibilem legem
præscripsit: Quibus oblatis adminiculis pulcherrimis, iniquum putaui
tabulam hanc castigatiorem non reddere.


The same in English.

The most famous nauigation of the English men by the Northeast sea hath
offered vnto me a great occasion, and certaine direction for the
reformation of the mappe of Europe: which discouerie hath the Northerne
parts of Finmarke, Lapland, and Moscouie, laied out according to the iust
eleuation and the quarters of the world. And further, the true obseruation
of the latitude of the city of Mosco, made by the foresaid Englishmen, hath
yeelded me an infallible rule, for the correcting of the situation of the
inland countries: which notable helps being ministred vnto me, I thought it
my duetie to exhibite to the world this Mappe, more exact and perfect then
hitherto it hath bene published.

* * * * *

Another testimonie of Ioannes Metellus Sequanus concerning the same
Nauigation and Discouerie in his preface prefixed before Osorius de rebus
gestis Emanuelis Regis Portugalliæ. written about the yeere, 1574.

At ne omnis, vnis Hispanis, Oceani maris gloria totáque concederetur,
Britanni Septentriones noua in Moscouiam nauigatione, ab hinc annis viginti
plus minùs illustrarunt. Nam bellis Sueticis à Moscouitarum, Naruæque
Liuoniæ exclusi commercio, iter ad illos Oceano, hinc Noruegiæ, Finmarchiæ,
Lappiæ, Scricfinniæ, Biarmiæque; illinc Groenlandiæ littora præteruecti,
vltrà Septuagesimum latitudinis Aquilonaris gradum sibi patefaciunt. Quam
nauigationem Belgæ posteà, non sine tamen cum ijsdem Britannis velitatione,
sunt secuti. Eò vehunt argenti veteris fragmenta, lineásque vestes propè
detritas, omnísque generis minutiores merces, ad vsum, cultúmque corporis
hominum vtriusque sexus, veluti lintea et byssea cingula, periscelides,
crumenas, cultros, et id genus sexcenta. A Moschis autem pelles omnis
generis pretiosas adferunt, et salmones salitos, fumóque duratos.


The same in English.

But least all and the whole glory of discouering the Ocean sea should be
ascribed to the Spaniards, the Englishmen about twentie yeeres past, by a
new nauigation into Moscouie, discouered the Northeast partes. For they by
reason of the warres of Swethland being hindered from the traffique of the
Moscouites and of the Narue in Liefland, opened a passage for themselues by
the Ocean sea, beyond the Northerne latitude of 70. degrees: hauing in
their course on the one side the coastes of Norway, Finmark, Lapland,
Scrickfin and Biarmia: On the other side the coast of Gronland. Which
voyage the Hollanders afterwarde entred into, but not without some conflict
with the English. They cary thither old plate and course linnen cloth, and
all kind of small Mercerie wares, seruing for the apparelling of men and
women, as linnen, and silke girdles, garters, purses, kniues, and many such
like things. And they bring away from the Moscouites, all kinde of precious
Furres, and Salmons salted and dried in the smoke.




END OF VOL. IV.




INDICES TO VOLS. II., III., & IV.



INDICES.

N.B.--The large print indicates that the _whole_ section refers to the
subject mentioned.


VOL. II.

ALANIANS, Greek Christians
ALBANIA described
ALEPPO (Sultan of) attacked by Tartars
ALMANS (Germans), mentioned
ALTI (Soldan), mentioned
AMBASSADORS received by Cuyne
ANDREW, duke of Russia
ANDREW, (Friar) visits the Caspian
ANTIOCH taken by the French
AQUILEIA (Patriarch of) attacks Tartars
ARCTIC OCEAN visited by Tartars
ARMENIANS attacked by Tartars
ASCELLINUS (Friar) sent to Tartary
ASSASSIN, origin of word
ASSASSINI, a mountain tribe
ASTAR, mentioned
ASTRACAN, mentioned
AUSTRIA (Duke of) attacks Tartars
AZOV, mentioned
AZOV, (Sea of)

BAATU. See _Bathy_
BADEN (Earl of) said to attack Tartars.
BALDACH (Caliph of) attacked by Tartars--Mentioned
BALDWIN OF HAINAULT, mentioned
BAN, brother to Bathy, put to death
BARCHIN besieged
BARTHOLOMEW OF CREMONA accompanies Rubruquis to Tartary--Sent back by Bathy
to Sartach.
BATHY. His expedition--Carpini sent to him--His power--Receives Carpini--
Revisited by Carpini--Mentioned--His wives--His reception of Rubruquis
BEARS, mentioned
BEAUVAIS (Vincent of), see _Beluacensis_
BELUACENSIS (V.), quoted--note on
BENEDICT (Friar) accompanies J. de Piano Carpini
BERTA, mentioned
BISERSMINIA, mentioned
BLACK SEA. See _Pontus Euximus_
BOHEMIA, mentioned
BOHEMIA (King of) attacks Tartars
BOLAC, mentioned
BOLESAUS, Duke of Silesia
BORISTHENES. See _Dnieper_
BULGARIA (Greater).
BULGARIA (Minor).
BURUTABETH, mentioned.

CAESARIA, mentioned.
CAILAC, mentioned.
CANGLE, mentioned.
CARA CARUM, mentioned.
CARINTHIA (Duke of) attacks Tartars.
CARPINI, JOANNES DE PLANO: HIS EMBASSY FROM INNOCENT IV. TO THE TARTARS--
Sent to Tartary--Crosses Bohemia--Poland--Russia--Visits Boleslaus--
Conrad--Wasilico--Taken ill--His mission--Received by Bathy--Travels
through Commania and land of Kangittae--Biserminia--Reaches the court
of Cuyne--His reception--Receives letters from Cuyne--Dismissed--His
return home--Mentioned
CASPIAN Sea, mentioned
CATHAY, mentioned.
CAUCASUS, mentioned
CHINGAY, mentioned
CHINGIS KHAN. His origin--Defeated by Mongols--Defeats the Nestorians--
Defeats Kytai--Named Emperor--Attacks the Kirghis and the Troglodytæ--
His laws--His death
CLOTH, the chief merchandise in Tartary
COIAT, Sartach's Historiographer
COMANI defeated by Thosut Khan--Their customs
COMMANIA described
CON KHAN, ruler of Kara-Katay
CONRAD, duke of Mazovia
CONSTANTINOPLE, mentioned
CORRENSA
COSMOS, the Tartar drink
CRACOW, mentioned
CRIT, a nomad tribe
CUYNE--Entertains Carpini--Elected Emperor--His appearance--Receives
ambassadors--Parts from his mother--Avenges his father's death--
Dissembles
CYRPODANIS, his expedition

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