A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W X Z

Afghanistan and the Anglo Russian Dispute

T >> Theo. F. Rodenbough >> Afghanistan and the Anglo Russian Dispute




Having the official statement of a military engineer with reference
to the Oxus-Hindu-Kush line, as a barrier or base or curtain, we may
pass to the principal approach to Herat from the northwest.

There are four distinct lines by which Russia could move on Herat:

I. From the _Caspian_ base a trans-Caucasian army corps could move
(only with the concurrence and alliance of Persia) by the Mashed
route direct;

II. Or it could move outside Persian territory, from _Chikishliar_
by the Bendessen Pass to Asterabad, and would then have to pass
through Persian territory to Sarakhs, or across the desert to Merv;

III. From the _Tashkend-Bokhara_ base a route exists _via_ Charjui,
the Oxus, direct to Merv; and there is

IV. Also the well-known road by _Balkh_ and Mamiana, direct to
Herat.

Routes III. and IV. having just been discussed, let us look at
Routes I. and II.

Referring to the small outline map of the trans-Caspian region,
herewith, it will be seen that troops could embark from Odessa in
the fleet of merchant steamers available, and, if not molested _en
route_ by hostile cruisers, would reach Batum in from 2 to 3 days,
thence by rail to Baku in 24 hours, another 24 hours through the
Caspian Sea to Krasnovodsk, a transfer in lighters to the landing at
Michaelovsk, and the final rail transportation to the present
terminus of the track beyond Kizil Arvat; this, it is said, will
soon reach Askabad, 310 miles from Herat. The Secretary of the Royal
Asiatic Society, Mr. Cust, with his wife, passed over this route in
1883, and testifies to the ease and comfort of the transit and to
the great number of vessels engaged in the oil trade, which are
available for military purposes, both on the Black and Caspian seas.
He estimates that they could easily carry 8,000 men at a trip.
[Footnote: Mr. Cust says: "There are three classes of steamers on
the Caspian. 1, the Imperial war steamers with which Russia keeps
down piracy; 2, the steamers of the Caucasus and Mercury Company,
very numerous and large vessels; 3, petroleum vessels--each steamer
with a capacity of 500 men."]

General Hamley [Footnote: Lecture before R. U. S. Institution
(London), 1884.] says: "We may assume that if on the railway (single
track) the very moderate number of 12 trains a day can run at the
rate of 12 miles an hour, the journey would occupy 40 hours. The
successive detachments would arrive, then, easily in two days at
Sarakhs. A division may be conveyed, complete, in 36 trains. Thus,
in six days a division would be assembled at Sarakhs ready to move
on the advanced guard. An army corps, with all its equipments and
departments, would be conveyed in 165 trains in 17 days. It would
then be 200 miles--another 17 days' march--from Herat. Thus, adding
a day for the crossing of the Caspian, the army corps from Baku
would reach Herat in 35 days. Also the advance of a corps from
Turkestan upon Kabul is even more practicable than before."
[Footnote: In his plan of invasion, Skobeleff thought 50,000 men
might undertake the enterprise without fear of disaster. This force
could be doubled from the Caucasus alone.]

The route from Tchikishliar _via_ Asterabad (where it strikes the
main Teheran-Mashed-Herat road) would be an important auxiliary to
the railway line, _via_ Asterabad. There is also a more direct
caravan track running south of this across the Khorassan, from
Asterabad (through Shahrud, Aliabad, Khaf, Gurian) to Herat; or, at
Shahrud, an excellent road running between the two already described
straight (_via_ Sabzawar and Nishapar) to Mashed.

From Sarakhs to Merv the road is said to be good and fairly supplied
with water. From Merv to Herat the well-worn expression "coach and
four" has been used to denote the excellent condition of the road.
[Footnote: For the first 100 miles the road follows the Murghab,
which Abbott describes as "a deep stream of very pure water, about
60 feet in breadth, and flowing in a channel mired to the depth of
30 feet in the clay soil of the valley; banks precipitous and
fringed with lamarisk and a few reeds."] Yalatun is described as
fertile, well populated, and unhealthy. [Footnote: Band-i-Yalatun,
or "bank which throws the waters of the Murghab into the canal of
Yalatun."] From Penjdeh, where the river is sometimes fordable, the
road follows the Khusk River, and, ascending the Koh-i-Baber Pass,
descends into the Herat valley, immediately beneath it. [Footnote:
Before closing the chapter on the "Russian Forces," a brief
description of the order of march customary in Central Asia may be
proper. From a translation by Major Clarke, R.A., from Kotensko's
"Turkestan," it appears that the horses accompanying Central Asian
detachments are so considerable that the latter form, as it were,
the escort of the former. As an Asiatic enemy nearly always attacks
from every side, the distribution of the troops, during the march,
must be such that they may be able to repulse the enemy no matter
where he may appear. Usually, a half sotnia (70 men) of cavalry
marches in advance at a distance from 3/4 to 1-1/3 miles, so as to
be in view of main body. Immediately in front of main body marches a
detachment of sappers and a company or two of infantry; then part of
the artillery; then more infantry; the train; behind the train,
remainder of artillery and infantry; as a rear guard, a sotnia of
cavalry. Bivouacs in the Steppe are usually chosen at wells, and
are, in many respects, similar to those customary in the Indian
country in America. First, an outer line of carts or wagons; then
the troops; and inside, all the animals. The accompanying diagram is
from _The Journal Royal United Service Institution_ (London).]


[Illustration: NORMAL ORDER OF MARCH IN CENTRAL ASIA.
NORMAL BIVOUAC IN CENTRAL ASIA.]




V.

REVIEW OF THE MILITARY SITUATION.


The purpose of this volume has been to give as much reliable
information upon the cause of the Anglo-Russian dispute, the nature
of the probable theatre of operations in case of war, and of the
armies of the Powers concerned, as could be obtained and printed
within a single fortnight. The richness of the available material
made this especially difficult, comprising as it did the record of
recent campaigns in Afghanistan, as well as the opinions of those
who, like Vambery, Veniukoff, Rawlinson, Napier, and Cust, are
authorities upon Asiatic topics.

As these lines are written [Footnore: April 18, 1885.] the civilized
nations of the world await with bated breath the next scene upon the
Afghan stage.

Seldom when two gladiators, armed and stripped, enter the arena does
a doubt exist as to their purpose. Yet such an exceptional
uncertainty attends the presence of England and Russia on the border
of Afghanistan.


[Illustration: Gorge in the Tirband-i-Turkestan through which the
Murghab Flows.]


At least 50,000 British soldiers are drawn up in front of the Indus
awaiting a signal from their Queen. Nearly twice that number of
Russian troops are massed on or near the northwestern angle of the
Ameer's country. [Footnote: Since the events noted in our first
chapter (page 12) transpired, another page has been added to
Afghanistan's blood-stained record. After confronting each other on
the Khusk River for some weeks a large Russian force under General
Komaross attacked (March 30, 1885) the Afghan troops at Penjdeh, and
after a gallant resistance on the part of the native garrison it was
utterly routed and the town occupied by the victors. The Russian
casualties were inconsiderable, but the Afghans lost nearly 1,000
men.]

It is impossible to eliminate, altogether, from a study of the
present military situation, certain political elements.

It is apparent that the Russians near Herat stand practically at
"the forks of the road"; it is a three-pronged fork--one branch
running due south to the sea and two branches due east to India. The
first-named requires but passing comment and only as it relates to
Herat, planted on a route which cannot be controlled without its
possession, for military and commercial reasons well understood.

As already explained, the routes to India, available to Russia,
enable her to move from her base on the Merv-Herat line, both _via_
Balkh and Kabul, for the purpose of flanking a British column moving
from Quetta westward, or of raiding the rich valley of the Helmund;
from Turkestan above this route, a British force moving from Kabul
to Balkh could also be threatened. By the main Herat-Kandahar route
an advance from the east could also be directly opposed; the
crossing of the Helmund by either army would probably be contested.

In case of war, whether Anglo-Russian or Russo-Afghan, the first
great battle would doubtless be fought on the Kandahar-Ghazni-Kabul
line.


[Illustration: Jelalabad from Piper's Hill.]


General Hamley, the leading British military authority, [Footnote:
Lieut.-General Sir. E. Hamley, K.C.B.] shows that this line is, of
all proposed, at once the most practicable and desirable line for
the defence of India. [Footnote: Three lines had been considered:
first, the line of the Eastern Sulimani, but this would leave the
seaport of Kurrachee unprotected; second, from Pishin northeast to
Kabul.] He says: "We should have a strong British governor in
Kandahar, and a strong British force on the Helmund and on the road
to Kabul; the railway completed to Kandahar, and, in case of a
movement from Turkestan against Kabul, a force on our side on its
way to occupy that city, and new recruiting grounds open to us amid
warlike populations. Surely there can be no question as to which of
these two sets of circumstances would give us most influence in
Afghanistan, most power to oppose Russia and to maintain confidence
in India." [Footnote: Gen. Hamley's remarks were made before the
Royal United Service Institution (May 18, 1884), and, in the
discussion which followed, Colonel Malleson said: "Recently in India
some influential natives said to me: 'Russia will continue her
advance; she will not stop until she has gained the fertile country
of Herat, and then she will intrigue with the native princes behind
the Indus, and when you send an army to meet her, you will find
those native princes rising in your rear.' I may fortify my own
experience by what was told me by an Austrian gentleman who visited
India about seven years ago. He paid a visit to the Maharaja, of
Cashmere, who said to him: 'From you I hope to get the truth; you
are not an Englishman nor a Russian. Tell me which is the stronger--
the English power or the Russian; because it will be necessarily my
duty, if Russia should advance, and if I should find Russia stronger
than England, to go for the defence of my throne on the side of
Russia.'"]

The same authority approves Sir Michael Biddulph's recommendation to
utilize the strong natural positions near Girishk on the Helmund. As
to Afghanistan he testifies: "With a power like Russia closing on
it, holding Persia and Persian resources subject to its will, it is
in vain to think that Afghanistan will be long independent even in
name. It is between hammer and anvil, or, to use a still more
expressive metaphor, between the devil and the deep sea. Bound to us
by no traditions, by no strong political influences such as might
have been used to constrain them, the Afghan tribes, mercenary and
perfidious to a proverb, an aggregate of tribes--not a nation,--will
lose no time, when the moment occurs, in siding with the great power
which promises most lavishly, or which can lay strongest hold on
them."

The burning words with which General Hamley closed his lecture one
year ago are singularly true to-day, and form a fitting termination
to this sketch:

"I do not undervalue the many influences which will always oppose
any policy entailing expense. But if the present question is found
to be--How shall we guard against a terrible menace to our Indian
Empire? any cost to be incurred can hardly be admitted as a reason
which ought to influence our course. Magnanimous trustfulness in the
virtue and guilelessness of rival states; distrust and denunciation
of all who would chill this inverted patriotism by words of warning;
refusal of all measures demanding expense which do not promise a
pecuniary return:--such is the kind of liberality of sentiment which
may ruin great nations. The qualities of the lamb may be very
excellent qualities, but they are specially inapplicable to dealings
with the wolf. Do those who shrink from expense think that the
presence of Russia in Afghanistan will be inexpensive to us? Will
the weakness which will be the temptation and the opportunity of
Russia be less costly than effectual defence? When we enter the
councils of Europe to assert our most vital interests, shall we
speak as we have been accustomed to speak, when our free action is
fettered by the imminent perpetual menace to India? These are
questions which, now put forth to this limited audience, will,
perhaps, within the experience of most of us, be thundered in the
ears of the nation. England is just now not without serious
perplexities, but none are so fraught with possibilities of mischief
as the storm which is now gathering on the Afghan frontier."




LIST OF AUTHORITIES.

[Footnote: Unless otherwise designated, the authors named are
officers of the British Army, and nearly all the works are in the
Library of the Military Service Institution of the United States,
(Governor's Island, N. Y. H.).]

[Source 1: Journal Royal United Service Institution (London).]

[Source 2: Journal of the United Service Institution of India
(Simla).]

ANDERSON, Capt. "A Scheme for Increasing the Strength of the Native
Armies," etc. [2]

ARMY LIST, British Official, 1885.

BIDDULPH, Gen. "The March from the Indus to the Helmund." [2]

BELLEW, H. W., C.S.I. "A New Afghan Question." [2]

BENGOUGH, Lieut-Col. "Mounted Infantry." [2] (From the Russian.)

BISCHOFF, Major. "The Caucasus and its Significance to Russia."
(Ger.) [2]

BLUNDELL, Col. "British Military Power with Reference to War
Abroad." [1]

BAKER, Col. "The Military Geography of Central Asia." [1]

COLQUHOUN, Capt. "On the Development of the Resources of India in a
Military Point of View." [2]

CANTLEY, Major. "Reserves for the Indian Army." [2]

CALLEN, Major. "The Volunteer Force of India," etc. [2]

CAVENAGH, Gen. "Our Indian Army." [1]

CHAPMAN, Lieut-Col. "The March from Kabul to Kandahar in 1880." [1]

CLARKE, Capt, "Recent Reforms in the Russian Army." [1]

CUST, R., Sec. R.A.S. "The Russians on the Caspian and Black Seas."
[1]

DAVIDSON, Major. "The Reasons why Difficulty is Experienced in
Recruiting for the Native Army." [2]

DALTON, Capt. "Skobeleff's Instructions for the Reconnaisance and
Battle of Geok-Tepe." [1] (From the French.)

ELIAS, Capt. "A Streak of the Afghan War." [1]

ESME-FORBES, Lieut. "Cavalry Reform." [2]

FURSE, Major. "Various Descriptions of Transport." [1]

GAISFORD, Capt. "New Model Transport Cart for Ponies and Mules." [2]

GLOAG, Col. "Military Reforms in India." [2]

GOWAN, Major. "Progressive Advance of Russia in Central Asia." [2]
"The Army of Bokhara." [2] "Russian Military Manoeuvres in the
Province of Jaxartes." [2] (From the Russian.)

GRAHAM, Col. "The Russian Army in 1882." [1]

GORDON, Capt. "Bengal Cavalry in Egypt." [2]

GRIERSON, Lieut. "The Russian Cavalry," and "The Russian Mounted
Troops in 1883." [2]

GREENE, Capt. "Sketches of Army Life in Russia." (New York, 1881.)

GRIFFITHS, Major. "The English Army." (London.)

GREY, Major. "Military Operations in Afghanistan." [2]

GERARD, Capt. "Rough Notes on the Russian Army in 1876." [2]

GOLDSMID, Gen. "From Bamian to Sonmiani." [1] "On Certain Roads
between Turkistan and India." [1]

HEYLAND, Major. "Military Transport Required for Rapid Movements."
[1]

HOLDICH, Capt. "Between Russia and India." [1]

HENNEKEN, Gen. "Studies on the Probable Course and Result of a War
between Russia and England." [2] (From the Russian.)

HILDYARD, Lieut.-Col. "The Intendance, Transport, and Supply Service
in Continental Armies." [2]

HASKYNS, Capt. "Notice of the Afghan Campaigns in 1879-81. From an
Engineer's View." [1]

HAMLEY, Lieut.-Gen., Sir E. "Russia's Approaches to India." (1884.)
[1]

JOURNAL of the Military Service Institution of the United States.

KELTIE, J. S. "The Statesman's Year-Book." (London, 1885.)

KIRCHHAMMER, A. "The Anglo-Afghan War." [2] (From the German.)

KOTENSKO. "The Horses and Camels of Central Asia." [2] "Turkestan."
[1] (From the Russian.)

LITTLE, Col. "Afghanistan and England in India." [2] (From the
German.)

LEVERSON, Lieut. "March of the Turkistan Detachment across the
Desert," etc. [1] (From the Russian.)

MARTIN, Capt. "Tactics in the Afghan Campaign," [2] "Notes on the
Operations in the Kurrum Valley." [2] "Horse-Breeding in Australia
and India." [2] "Notes on the Management of Camels in the 10th
Company Sappers and Miners on Field Service." [2] "British Infantry
in the Hills and Plains of India." [2]

MORGAN, D. "A Visit to Kuldja, and the Russo-Chinese Frontier." [1]

MORTON, Capt. "Gourko's Raid." [2] (From the French.)

MACKENZIE, Lieut.-Gen. "Storms and Sunshine of a Soldier's Life."

MOSA, P. "The Russian Campaign of 1879," etc. [2] (From the
Russian.)

MEDLEY, Col. "The Defence of the Northwest Frontier." [2]

NEWALL, Lieut.-Col. "On the Strategic Value of Cashmere in
Connection with the Defence of Our Northwest Frontier." [2]

O'DONOVAN, E. "The Merv Oasis." (New York, 1883.)

PRICE, Capt. "Notes on the Sikhs as Soldiers for Our Army." [2]

PITT, Lieut. "A Transport Service for Asiatic Warfare," etc. [1]

ROSS, D., (Delhi Railway). "Transport by Rail of Troops, Horses,
Guns, and War Materials." [2]

ST. JOHN, Major. "Persia: Its Physical Geography and People." [2]

STRONG, Capt. "The Education of Native Officers in the Indian Army."
[2]

STEEL, Veterinary-Surgeon. "Camels in Connection with the South
African Expedition, 1878-1879." [2]

SHAW, Major. "Army Transport." [1]

SANDERSON, G. P. "The Elephant in Freedom and in Captivity." [2]

TEMPLE, Lieut. "An Historical Parallel--The Afghans and Mainotes."
[2]

TYRRELL, Lieut.-Col. "The Races of the Madras Army." [2]

TROTTER, Capt. "The Tribes of Turkistan." [2]

TRENCH, Col. "Cavalry in Modern War." (London, 1884.)

UPTON, Gen. "The Armies of Asia and Europe." (New York, 1878.)

VENIUKOFF, Col. "The Progress of Russia in Central Asia." [2] (From
the Russian.)

YALDWYN, Capt. "Notes on the Camel." [2]




INDEX.


A

Abazai, mil. post
Abbaza, village
Abdurrahman, the Ameer
Absuna, pass
Abul-Khair
Afghanistan:
Territory; mountains; rivers;
roads, animals; people;
army; cities; military history
Ahmed-Kheil, city
Ahmed-Shah
Akbar Khan
Akbar, the Great
Akhunt Ziarut, city
Akton Khel, city
Alexander I.
Alexander, Czar
Alexander of Macedon
Ali Musjid, fort
Altai, river
Aliabad
Amu Daria (Oxus), river
Aral, sea
Argandab, valley; river
Army, British:
Strength; organization; transport;
supply; routes; operations
Indian
Army, Russian:
Strength; organization; transport;
supply; routes
Aryan, race
Askabad
Assin Killo, city
Asterabad
Atta Karez, mountain
Attreck, river
Auckland, Lord
Aulicata, city
Auran, mountain
Aurangzeb
Ayoub Khan

B

Baber Khan
Baku
Balkash, mountain
Balkh, city
Bamian, pass
Baroghil, pass
Barshor, valley
Baru, military post
Batum
Bekovitch, Gen.
Beloochistan, state
Bendessen, pass
Bengal, city
Beratse, village
Berlin, city
Biddulph, Sir M.
Billigarungan, hills
Bolan, pass
Bokhara, province
Bombay, city
Bori, valley
Bost, city
Broadfoot, Capt.
Browne, Gen.
Brydon, Dr.
Bunnoo, mil. post
Burnes, agent
Burrows, Gen.

C

Calmucks
Camel
Cashmere, Maharaja
Caspian, sea
Catharine II.
Cavagnari, Major
Ceylon, island
Chapman, Col.
Charikar, town
Chat, town
Charjui, town
Chelmsford, Lord
Chemkent, city
Chikishliar, town
Chitral, town
Clarke, Major
Conolly, M.
Cossacks
Cust, Mr.

D

Dadur, city
Dakka, city
Dasht-i-Bedowlat, mountain
Delhi, city
Dera Ghazi Khan, village
Dera Ismail Khan, city
Derajat, district
Djungaria, province
Doaba, military post
Dost, Mohammed
Dozan, city

E

Elephant
Ellenborough, Lord
Elphinstone, Gen.
Eski Zagra, town

F

Faizabad, city
Farrah, town
Farza, village
Fergana, province
Ferrier, Gen.

G

Gaisford, Capt.
Gayud Yara, plain
Geok Tepe, fort
Genghiz Khan
Ghazgar, valley
Ghazni, city
Ghilzai, district
Ghori, valley
Gilan, province
Gindari, mountain
Girishk, city
Gordon, Col.
Gourko, Gen.
Graham, Sir L.
Green, Col.
Grierson, Lieut.
Guikok, range
Gujrat, city
Guleir Surwandi, pass
Gundamuck, city
Gundana, town
Gurian, city

H

Haines, Sir F.
Hamley, Gen.
Har-i-Rud
Hazaristan, river
Hazarasp, city
Hazardarakht, mountain
Hazarnao, city
Helmund, river
Herat, city; river
Himalayas, mountain
Hindu Kush, mountain
Hobhouse, Sir J. C.
Hodjeni, province
Holdich, Capt.
Horse, yabu; khirgiz

I

Inderabad, river
India, On the threshold of
Indus, river
Irak, pass
Irgiz, fort
Irtish, river
Ispahan, city
Istalif, village

J

Jacobadad, city
Jagdallack, pass
Jamrud, city
Jelalabad, city
Jizakh, province
Jumrud, military post

K

Kabul, city; river
Kachi, plains
Kadani, plains
Kafristan, province
Kabriz, fort
kalat, city
Kandahar, city
Karakoran, mountain
Karkacha, pass
Karki, town
Kash, river; city
Kashgar
Kashmir, city
Kaufmann, Gen.
Kelat, town
Khaiber, pass
Khanikoff, M.
Khaf
Khak, pass
Khinar, pass
Khiva, province
Khoja-Saleh, city
Khokand, province
Khoja-Amran, mountain ridge
Khorassan, province
Khulm, city
Khurd-Kabul, pass
Khurd-Khaiber, pass
Khusk', river
Khirtar, mountain
Kilif, city
Kizil Arvat, city
Koh Daman, mountain
Kohut, mil. post
Kohistan, province
Koh-i-Baber, mountain
Kokiran, district
Komaroff, Gen.
Kotensko
Krasnovodsk, city
Kuh-i-Baba, mountain
Kujlak-Kekur, valley
Kuldja, city
Kunar valley
Kunduz, city
Kurrachee, city
Kuram, river; valley; fort
Kusmore, village
Kussun, fort

L

Lalaberg, valley
Lalgoshi, village
Lahore, city
Landi Khana, village
Lash Jowain, city
Lakhareff, Gen.
Logar, valley
London, city
Lora, river
Lumsden, Sir P.
Lumley, Col.

M

Mackenzie, Gen. C.
Mackeson, fort
McNaghten, Sir W.
Mahmoud, sultan
Mahomet
Mahommed Azim
Maimana, town
Malleson, Col.
Malta
Margilan, town
Maris, tribe
Martin, Lieut.
Marvin, C.
Mashed, city
Mastuj, town
Maude, Gen.
Mazanderan, province
McClellan, saddle
Merv, province
Michaelovsk, town
Michni, fort
Mithunkot, town
Mogul
Mooktur valley
Mooltan, city
Moscow, city
Mulla, pass
Munro, fort
Murchat, town
Murghab, river
Mysore, province

N

Nadir, Shah
Nahur, Maharajah of
Napier, Lord
Napoleon
Nicholas, Grand Duke
Nijni Novgorod, town
Nishuper, town--
Nogak, M.
Nott, Gen.
Nuksan, pass

O

Odessa, city
O'Donovan, M.
Orenburg, province
Orloff, Gen.
Outram, Capt.
Oxus, (See Amer. Daria)

P

Paghman, mountains
Panjshir, valley
Panjwai, town
Paropismus, mountains
Parwan, pass
Pat, clay
Paul, Emperor
Peiwar, pass
Pekin
Penjdeh, town
Persia
Perwan, pass
Perovsky, fort
Peter the Great
Petropanlovsk, province
Peshawur, city
Pishin, village; plain
Pollock, Gen.
Pottinger, Major
Primrose, Gen.

Q

Quetta, city

R

Raganpur, city
Rawlinson, Sir H.
Roberts, Gen.
Rogan, village
Ross, railway manager
Rudbar, town
Russian Army: strength; organization;
transport; supply; routes

S

Sabzawar, city
Sale, Sir R.
Samarcand, city
Samson
San Stefano
Sarahks, town
Sargo, pass
Sarhadd, town
Saunders, Major
Scinde, province
Seistan, district
Shahrud, town
Shere Ali
Shikapur, town
Shul Kadar, fort
Shurtargurdan, pass
Singh Runjit
Sirpul, town
Skobeleff, Gen.
Stewart, Sir D.
Stolietoff, Gen.
St. Petersburg
Sufed Koh, mountain
Sujah Shah
Sulimani, mountains
Suprasl, river
Surkh Denkor
Surkhab river

T

Takwir, mountain
Taktipul, town
Targai, fort
Tartara, pass
Tashkend, city
Teheran
Tehernayeff, Gen.
Tejend, river
Temple, Sir R.
Terek, pass
Timwi
Trench, Col.
Troitsk, province
Turkestan
Turnak, valley
Twarditsa, town

U

Unai, river
Ural, mountains

V

Vambery, M.
Veniukoff, M.
Vernoye, fort
Volga, river

W

Warsaw, city
Washir, town
Wolseley, Lord

Y

Yakoub, Khan
Yalatun, town
Yaldwin, Capt.
Yaxartes, river

Z

Zurmat, district
Zohak, fort

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