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History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella V1

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HISTORY OF THE REIGN OF FERDINAND AND ISABELLA, THE CATHOLIC.

BY WILLIAM H. PRESCOTT.

IN THREE VOLUMES.
VOL. I.




TO
THE HONORABLE
WILLIAM PRESCOTT, LL.D.,
THE GUIDE OF MY YOUTH,
MY BEST FRIEND IN RIPER YEARS,
THESE VOLUMES,
WITH THE WARMEST FEELINGS OF FILIAL AFFECTION,
ARE RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED.




PREFACE

TO THE FIRST EDITION.


English writers have done more for the illustration of Spanish history,
than for that of any other except their own. To say nothing of the recent
general compendium, executed for the "Cabinet Cyclopaedia," a work of
singular acuteness and information, we have particular narratives of the
several reigns, in an unbroken series, from the emperor Charles the Fifth
(the First of Spain) to Charles the Third, at the close of the last
century, by authors whose names are a sufficient guaranty for the
excellence of their productions. It is singular, that, with this attention
to the modern history of the Peninsula, there should be no particular
account of the period which may be considered as the proper basis of it,--
the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella.

In this reign, the several States, into which the country had been broken
up for ages, were brought under a common rule; the kingdom of Naples was
conquered; America discovered and colonized; the ancient empire of the
Spanish Arabs subverted; the dread tribunal of the Modern Inquisition
established; the Jews, who contributed so sensibly to the wealth and
civilization of the country, were banished; and, in fine, such changes
were introduced into the interior administration of the monarchy, as have
left a permanent impression on the character and condition of the nation.

The actors in these events were every way suited to their importance.
Besides the reigning sovereigns, Ferdinand and Isabella, the latter
certainly one of the most interesting personages in history, we have, in
political affairs, that consummate statesman, Cardinal Ximenes, in
military, the "Great Captain," Gonsalvo de Cordova, and in maritime, the
most successful navigator of any age, Christopher Columbus; whose entire
biographies fall within the limits of this period. Even such portions of
it as have been incidentally touched by English writers, as the Italian
wars, for example, have been drawn so exclusively from French and Italian
sources, that they may be said to be untrodden ground for the historian of
Spain. [1]

It must be admitted, however, that an account of this reign could not have
been undertaken at any preceding period, with anything like the advantages
at present afforded; owing to the light which recent researches of Spanish
scholars, in the greater freedom of inquiry now enjoyed, have shed on some
of its most interesting and least familiar features. The most important of
the works to which I allude are, the History of the Inquisition, from
official documents, by its secretary, Llorente; the analysis of the
political institutions of the kingdom, by such writers as Marina, Sempere,
and Capmany; the literal version, now made for the first time, of the
Spanish-Arab chronicles, by Conde; the collection of original and
unpublished documents, illustrating the history of Columbus and the early
Castilian navigators, by Navarrete; and, lastly, the copious illustrations
of Isabella's reign, by Clemencin, the late lamented secretary of the
Royal Academy of History, forming the sixth volume of its valuable
Memoirs.

It was the knowledge of these facilities for doing justice to this
subject, as well as its intrinsic merits, which led me, ten years since,
to select it; and surely no subject could be found more suitable for the
pen of an American, than a history of that reign, under the auspices of
which the existence of his own favored quarter of the globe was first
revealed. As I was conscious that the value of the history must depend
mainly on that of its materials, I have spared neither pains nor expense,
from the first, in collecting the most authentic. In accomplishing this, I
must acknowledge the services of my friends, Mr. Alexander H. Everett,
then minister plenipotentiary from the United States to the court of
Madrid, Mr. Arthur Middleton, secretary of the American legation, and,
above all, Mr. O. Rich, now American consul for the Balearic Islands, a
gentleman, whose extensive bibliographical knowledge, and unwearied
researches, during a long residence in the Peninsula, have been liberally
employed for the benefit both of his own country and of England. With such
assistance, I flatter myself that I have been enabled to secure whatever
can materially conduce to the illustration of the period in question,
whether in the form of chronicle, memoir, private correspondence, legal
codes, or official documents. Among these are various contemporary
manuscripts, covering the whole ground of the narrative, none of which
have been printed, and some of them but little known to Spanish scholars.
In obtaining copies of these from the public libraries, I must add, that I
have found facilities under the present liberal government, which were
denied me under the preceding. In addition to these sources of
information, I have availed myself, in the part of the work occupied with
literary criticism and history, of the library of my friend, Mr. George
Ticknor, who during a visit to Spain, some years since, collected whatever
was rare and valuable in the literature of the Peninsula. I must further
acknowledge my obligations to the library of Harvard University, in
Cambridge, from whose rich repository of books relating to our own country
I have derived material aid. And, lastly, I must not omit to notice the
favors of another kind for which I am indebted to my friend, Mr. William
H. Gardiner, whose judicious counsels have been of essential benefit to me
in the revision of my labors.

In the plan of the work, I have not limited myself to a strict
chronological narrative of passing events, but have occasionally paused,
at the expense, perhaps, of some interest in the story, to seek such
collateral information as might bring these events into a clearer view. I
have devoted a liberal portion of the work to the literary progress of the
nation, conceiving this quite as essential a part of its history as civil
and military details. I have occasionally introduced, at the close of the
chapters, a critical notice of the authorities used, that the reader may
form some estimate of their comparative value and credibility. Finally, I
have endeavored to present him with such an account of the state of
affairs, both before the accession, and at the demise of the Catholic
sovereigns, as might afford him the best points of view for surveying the
entire results of their reign.

How far I have succeeded in the execution of this plan, must be left to
the reader's candid judgment. Many errors he may be able to detect. Sure I
am, there can be no one more sensible of my deficiencies than myself;
although it was not till after practical experience, that I could fully
estimate the difficulty of obtaining anything like a faithful portraiture
of a distant age, amidst the shifting hues and perplexing cross lights of
historic testimony. From one class of errors my subject necessarily
exempts me; those founded on national or party feeling. I may have been
more open to another fault; that of too strong a bias in favor of my
principal actors; for characters, noble and interesting in themselves,
naturally beget a sort of partiality akin to friendship, in the
historian's mind, accustomed to the daily contemplation of them. Whatever
defects may be charged on the work, I can at least assure myself, that it
is an honest record of a reign important in itself, new to the reader in
an English dress, and resting on a solid basis of authentic materials,
such as probably could not be met with out of Spain, nor in it without
much difficulty.

I hope I shall be acquitted of egotism, although I add a few words
respecting the peculiar embarrassments I have encountered, in composing
these volumes. Soon after my arrangements were made, early in 1826, for
obtaining the necessary materials from Madrid, I was deprived of the use
of my eyes for all purposes of reading and writing, and had no prospect of
again recovering it. This was a serious obstacle to the prosecution of a
work requiring the perusal of a large mass of authorities, in various
languages, the contents of which were to be carefully collated, and
transferred to my own pages, verified by minute reference. [2] Thus shut
out from one sense, I was driven to rely exclusively on another, and to
make the ear do the work of the eye. With the assistance of a reader,
uninitiated, it may be added, in any modern language but his own, I worked
my way through several venerable Castilian quartos, until I was satisfied
of the practicability of the undertaking. I next procured the services of
one more competent to aid me in pursuing my historical inquiries. The
process was slow and irksome enough, doubtless, to both parties, at least
till my ear was accommodated to foreign sounds, and an antiquated,
oftentimes barbarous phraseology, when my progress became more sensible,
and I was cheered with the prospect of success. It certainly would have
been a far more serious misfortune, to be led thus blindfold through the
pleasant paths of literature; but my track stretched, for the most part,
across dreary wastes, where no beauty lurked, to arrest the traveller's
eye and charm his senses. After persevering in this course for some years,
my eyes, by the blessing of Providence, recovered sufficient strength to
allow me to use them, with tolerable freedom, in the prosecution of my
labors, and in the revision of all previously written. I hope I shall not
be misunderstood, as stating these circumstances to deprecate the severity
of criticism, since I am inclined to think the greater circumspection I
have been compelled to use has left me, on the whole, less exposed to
inaccuracies, than I should have been in the ordinary mode of composition.
But, as I reflect on the many sober hours I have passed in wading through
black letter tomes, and through manuscripts whose doubtful orthography and
defiance of all punctuation were so many stumbling-blocks to my
amanuensis, it calls up a scene of whimsical distresses, not usually
encountered, on which the good-natured reader may, perhaps, allow I have
some right, now that I have got the better of them, to dwell with
satisfaction.

I will only remark, in conclusion of this too prolix discussion about
myself, that while making my tortoise-like progress, I saw what I had
fondly looked upon as my own ground, (having indeed lain unmolested by any
other invader for so many ages,) suddenly entered, and in part occupied,
by one of my countrymen. I allude to Mr. Irving's "History of Columbus,"
and "Chronicle of Granada;" the subjects of which, although covering but a
small part of my whole plan, form certainly two of its most brilliant
portions. Now, alas! if not devoid of interest, they are, at least,
stripped of the charm of novelty. For what eye has not been attracted to
the spot on which the light of that writer's genius has fallen?

I cannot quit the subject which has so long occupied me, without one
glance at the present unhappy condition of Spain; who, shorn of her
ancient splendor, humbled by the loss of empire abroad, and credit at
home, is abandoned to all the evils of anarchy. Yet, deplorable as this
condition is, it is not so bad as the lethargy in which she has been sunk
for ages. Better be hurried forward for a season on the wings of the
tempest, than stagnate in a deathlike calm, fatal alike to intellectual
and moral progress. The crisis of a revolution, when old things are
passing away, and new ones are not yet established, is, indeed, fearful.
Even the immediate consequences of its achievement are scarcely less so to
a people who have yet to learn by experiment the precise form of
institutions best suited to their wants, and to accommodate their
character to these institutions. Such results must come with time,
however, if the nation be but true to itself. And that they will come,
sooner or later, to the Spaniards, surely no one can distrust who is at
all conversant with their earlier history, and has witnessed the examples
it affords of heroic virtue, devoted patriotism, and generous love of
freedom;

"Chè l'antico valore
----non è ancor morto."

Clouds and darkness have, indeed, settled thick around the throne of the
youthful Isabella; but not a deeper darkness than that which covered the
land in the first years of her illustrious namesake; and we may humbly
trust, that the same Providence, which guided her reign to so prosperous a
termination, may carry the nation safe through its present perils, and
secure to it the greatest of earthly blessings, civil and religious
liberty.

_November_, 1837.


FOOTNOTES

[1] The only histories of this reign by continental writers, with which I
am acquainted, are the "Histoire des Rois Catholiques Ferdinand et
Isabelle, par l'Abbé Mignot, Paris, 1766," and the "Geschichte der
Regierung Ferdinand des Katholischen, von Rupert Becker, Prag und Leipzig,
1790." Their authors have employed the most accessible materials only in
the compilation; and, indeed, they lay claim to no great research, which
would seem to be precluded by the extent of their works, in neither
instance exceeding two volumes duodecimo. They have the merit of
exhibiting, in a simple, perspicuous form, those events, which, lying on
the surface, may be found more or less expanded in moat general histories.

[2] "To compile a history from various authors, when they can only be
consulted by other eyes, is not easy, nor possible, but with more skilful
and attentive help than can be commonly obtained." [Johnson's _Life of
Milton_.] This remark of the great critic, which first engaged my
attention in the midst of my embarrassments, although discouraging at
first, in the end stimulated the desire to overcome them.




PREFACE

TO THE THIRD ENGLISH EDITION.


Since the publication of the First Edition of this work, it has undergone
a careful revision; and this, aided by the communications of several
intelligent friends, who have taken an interest in its success, has
enabled me to correct several verbal inaccuracies, and a few typographical
errors, which had been previously overlooked. While the Second Edition was
passing through the press, I received, also, copies of two valuable
Spanish works, having relation to the reign of the Catholic sovereigns,
but which, as they appeared during the recent troubles of the Peninsula,
had not before come to my knowledge. For these I am indebted to the
politeness of Don Angel Calderon de la Barca, late Spanish Minister at
Washington; a gentleman, whose frank and liberal manners, personal
accomplishments, and independent conduct in public life, have secured for
him deservedly high consideration in the United States, as well as in his
own country.

I must still further acknowledge my obligation to Don Pascual de Gayangos,
the learned author of the "Mahommedan Dynasties in Spain," recently
published in London,--a work, which, from its thorough investigation of
original sources, and fine spirit of criticism, must supply, what has been
so long felt as an important desideratum with the student,--the means of
forming a perfect acquaintance with the Arabian portion of the Peninsular
annals. There fell into the hands of this gentleman, on the breaking up of
the convents of Saragossa in 1835, a rich collection of original
documents, comprehending, among other things, the autograph correspondence
of Ferdinand and Isabella, and of the principal persons of their court. It
formed, probably, part of the library of Geronimo Zurita,--historiographer
of Aragon, under Philip the Second,--who, by virtue of his office, was
intrusted with whatever documents could illustrate the history of the
country. This rare collection was left at his death to a monastery in his
native city. Although Zurita is one of the principal authorities for the
present work, there are many details of interest in this correspondence,
which have passed unnoticed by him, although forming the basis of his
conclusions; and I have gladly availed myself of the liberality and great
kindness of Señor de Gayangos, who has placed these manuscripts at my
disposal, transcribing such as I have selected, for the corroboration and
further illustration of my work. The difficulties attending this labor of
love will be better appreciated, when it is understood, that the original
writing is in an antiquated character, which _few_ Spanish scholars of the
present day could comprehend, and often in cipher, which requires much
patience and ingenuity to explain. With these various emendations, it is
hoped that the present Edition may be found more deserving of that favor
from the public, which has been so courteously accorded to the preceding.

_March_, 1841.




CONTENTS OF VOLUME I.


INTRODUCTION.

SECTION I.
VIEW OF THE CASTILIAN MONARCHY BEFORE THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY.
STATE OF SPAIN AT THE MIDDLE OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY
EARLY HISTORY AND CONSTITUTION OF CASTILE
THE VISIGOTHS
INVASION OF THE ARABS
ITS INFLUENCE ON THE CONDITION OF THE SPANIARDS
CAUSES OF THEIR SLOW RECONQUEST OF THE COUNTRY
THEIR ULTIMATE SUCCESS CERTAIN
THEIR RELIGIOUS ENTHUSIASM
INFLUENCE OF THEIR MINSTRELSY
THEIR CHARITY TO THE INFIDEL
THEIR CHIVALRY
EARLY IMPORTANCE OF THE CASTILIAN TOWNS
THEIR PRIVILEGES
CASTILIAN CORTES
ITS GREAT POWERS
ITS BOLDNESS
HERMANDADES OF CASTILE
WEALTH OF THE CITIES
PERIOD OF THE HIGHEST POWER OF THE COMMONS
THE NOBILITY
THEIR PRIVILEGES
THEIR GREAT WEALTH
THEIR TURBULENT SPIRIT
THE CAVALLEROS OR KNIGHTS
THE CLERGY
INFLUENCE OF THE PAPAL COURT
CORRUPTION OP THE CLERGY
THEIR RICH POSSESSIONS
LIMITED EXTENT OF THE ROYAL PREROGATIVE
POVERTY OF THE CROWN
ITS CAUSES
ANECDOTE OF HENRY III., OF CASTILE
CONSTITUTIONAL WRITERS ON CASTILE
CONSTITUTION AT THE BEGINNING OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY
NOTICE OF MARINA AND SEMPERE

SECTION II.
REVIEW OF THE CONSTITUTION OF ARAGON TO THE MIDDLE OF THE FIFTEENTH
CENTURY.
RISE OF ARAGON
FOREIGN CONQUESTS
CODE OF SOPRARBE
THE RICOS HOMBRES
THEIR IMMUNITIES
THEIR TURBULENCE
PRIVILEGES OF UNION
THEIR ABROGATION
THE LEGISLATURE OF ARAGON
ITS FORMS OF PROCEEDING
ITS POWERS
THE GENERAL PRIVILEGE
JUDICIAL FUNCTIONS OF CORTES
PREPONDERANCE OF THE COMMONS
THE JUSTICE OF ARAGON
HIS GREAT AUTHORITY
SECURITY AGAINST ITS ABUSE
INDEPENDENT EXECUTION OF IT
VALENCIA AND CATALONIA
RISE AND OPULENCE OF BARCELONA
HER FREE INSTITUTIONS
HAUGHTY SPIRIT OF THE CATALANS
INTELLECTUAL CULTURE
POETICAL ACADEMY OF TORTOSA
BRIEF GLORY OF THE LIMOUSIN
CONSTITUTIONAL WRITERS ON ARAGON
NOTICES OF BLANCAS, MARTEL, AND CAPMANY

PART FIRST.

THE PERIOD WHEN THE DIFFERENT KINGDOMS OF SPAIN WERE FIRST UNITED UNDER
ONE MONARCHY, AND A THOROUGH REFORM WAS INTRODUCED INTO THEIR INTERNAL
ADMINISTRATION; OR THE PERIOD EXHIBITING MOST FULLY THE DOMESTIC POLICY OF
FERDINAND AND ISABELLA.

CHAPTER I.
STATE OF CASTILE AT THE BIRTH OF ISABELLA.--REIGN OF JOHN II.,
OF CASTILE.
REVOLUTION OF TRASTAMARA
ACCESSION OF JOHN II.
RISE OF ALVARO DE LUNA
JEALOUSY OF THE NOBLES
OPPRESSION OF THE COMMONS
ITS CONSEQUENCES
EARLY LITERATURE OF CASTILE
ITS ENCOURAGEMENT UNDER JOHN II.
MARQUIS OF VILLENA
MARQUIS OF SANTILLANA
JOHN DE MENA
HIS INFLUENCE
BAENA'S CANCIONERO
CASTILIAN LITERATURE UNDER JOHN II
DECLINE OF ALVARO DE LUNA
HIS FALL
HIS DEATH
LAMENTED BY JOHN
DEATH OF JOHN II
BIRTH OF ISABELLA

CHAPTER II.
CONDITION OF ARAGON DURING THE MINORITY OF FERDINAND.--REIGN OF JOHN
II., OF ARAGON.
JOHN OF ARAGON
TITLE OF HIS SON CARLOS TO NAVARRE
HE TAKES ARMS AGAINST HIS FATHER
IS DEFEATED
BIRTH OF FERDINAND
CARLOS RETIRES TO NAPLES
HE PASSES INTO SICILY
JOHN II. SUCCEEDS TO THE CROWN OF ARAGON
CARLOS RECONCILED WITH HIS FATHER
IS IMPRISONED
INSURRECTION OF THE CATALANS
CARLOS RELEASED
HIS DEATH
HIS CHARACTER
TRAGICAL STORY OF BLANCHE
FERDINAND SWORN HEIR TO THE CROWN
BESIEGED BY THE CATALANS IN GERONA
TREATY BETWEEN FRANCE AND ARAGON
GENERAL REVOLT IN CATALONIA
SUCCESSES OF JOHN
CROWN OF CATALONIA OFFERED TO RENÉ OF ANJOU
DISTRESS AND EMBARRASSMENTS OF JOHN
POPULARITY OF THE DUKE OF LORRAINE
DEATH OF THE QUEEN OF ARAGON
IMPROVEMENT IN JOHN'S AFFAIRS
SIEGE OF BARCELONA
IT SURRENDERS

CHAPTER III.
REIGN OF HENRY IV., OF CASTILE.--CIVIL WAR.--MARRIAGE OF FERDINAND
AND ISABELLA.
POPULARITY OF HENRY IV
HE DISAPPOINTS EXPECTATIONS
HIS DISSOLUTE HABITS
OPPRESSION OF THE PEOPLE
DEBASEMENT OF THE COIN
CHARACTER OF PACHECO, MARQUIS OF VILLENA
CHARACTER OF THE ARCHBISHOP OF TOLEDO
INTERVIEW BETWEEN HENRY IV. AND LOUIS XI
DISGRACE OF VILLENA AND THE ARCHBISHOP OF TOLEDO
LEAGUE OF THE NOBLES
DEPOSITION OF HENRY AT AVILA
DIVISION OF PARTIES
INTRIGUES OF THE MARQUIS OF VILLENA
HENRY DISBANDS HIS FORCES
PROPOSITION FOR THE MARRIAGE OF ISABELLA
HER EARLY EDUCATION
PROJECTED UNION WITH THE GRAND MASTER OF CALATRAVA
HIS SUDDEN DEATH
BATTLE OF OLMEDO
CIVIL ANARCHY
DEATH AND CHARACTER OF ALFONSO
HIS REIGN A USURPATION
THE CROWN OFFERED TO ISABELLA
SHE DECLINES IT
TREATY BETWEEN HENRY AND THE CONFEDERATES
ISABELLA ACKNOWLEDGED HEIR TO THE CROWN AT TOROS DE GUISANDO
SUITORS TO ISABELLA
FERDINAND OF ARAGON
SUPPORT OF JOANNA BELTRANEJA
PROPOSAL OF THE KING OF PORTUGAL REJECTED BY ISABELLA
SHE ACCEPTS FERDINAND
ARTICLES OF MARRIAGE
CRITICAL SITUATION OF ISABELLA
FERDINAND ENTERS CASTILE
PRIVATE INTERVIEW BETWEEN FERDINAND AND ISABELLA
THEIR MARRIAGE
NOTICE OF THE QUINCUAGENAS OF OVIEDO

CHAPTER IV.
FACTIONS IN CASTILE.--WAR BETWEEN FRANCE AND ARAGON.--DEATH OF HENRY
IV., OF CASTILE.
FACTIONS IN CASTILE
FERDINAND AND ISABELLA
CIVIL ANARCHY
REVOLT OF ROUSSILLON FROM LOUIS XI.
GALLANT DEFENCE OF PERPIGNAN
FERDINAND RAISES THE SIEGE
TREATY BETWEEN FRANCE AND ARAGON
ISABELLA'S PARTY GAINS STRENGTH
INTERVIEW BETWEEN HENRY IV. AND ISABELLA AT SEGOVIA
SECOND FRENCH INVASION OF ROUSSILLON
FERDINAND'S SUMMARY EXECUTION OF JUSTICE
SIEGE AND REDUCTION OF PERPIGNAN
PERFIDY OF LOUIS XI.
ILLNESS OF HENRY IV., OF CASTILE
HIS DEATH
INFLUENCE OF HIS REIGN
NOTICE OF ALONSO DE PALENCIA
NOTICE OF ENRIQUEZ DE CASTILLO

CHAPTER V.
ACCESSION OF FERDINAND AND ISABELLA.--WAR OF THE SUCCESSION.--BATTLE OF
TORO.
TITLE OF ISABELLA
SHE IS PROCLAIMED QUEEN
SETTLEMENT OF THE CROWN
PARTISANS OF JOANNA
ALFONSO OF PORTUGAL SUPPORTS HER CAUSE
HE INVADES CASTILE
HE ESPOUSES JOANNA
CASTILIAN ARMY
FERDINAND MARCHES AGAINST ALFONSO
HE CHALLENGES HIM TO PERSONAL COMBAT
DISORDERLY RETREAT OF THE CASTILIANS
APPROPRIATION OF THE CHURCH PLATE
REORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY
KING OF PORTUGAL ARRIVES BEFORE ZAMORA
ABSURD POSITION
HE SUDDENLY DECAMPS
OVERTAKEN BY FERDINAND
BATTLE OF TORO
THE PORTUGUESE ROUTED
ISABELLA'S THANKSGIVING FOR THE VICTORY
SUBMISSION OF THE WHOLE KINGDOM
THE KING OF PORTUGAL VISITS FRANCE
RETURNS TO PORTUGAL
PEACE WITH FRANCE
ACTIVE MEASURES OF ISABELLA
TREATY OF PEACE WITH PORTUGAL
JOANNA TAKES THE VEIL
DEATH OF THE KING OF PORTUGAL
DEATH OF THE KING OF ARAGON

CHAPTER VI.
INTERNAL ADMINISTRATION OF CASTILE.
SCHEME OF REFORM FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF CASTILE
ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE HERMANDAD
CODE OF THE HERMANDAD
INEFFECTUAL OPPOSITION OF THE NOBILITY
TUMULT AT SEGOVIA
ISABELLA'S PRESENCE OF MIND
ISABELLA VISITS SEVILLE
HER SPLENDID RECEPTION THERE
SEVERE EXECUTION OF JUSTICE
MARQUIS OF CADIZ AND DUKE OF MEDINA SIDONIA
ROYAL PROGRESS THROUGH ANDALUSIA
IMPARTIAL EXECUTION OP THE LAWS
REORGANIZATION OP THE TRIBUNALS
KING AND QUEEN PRESIDE IN COURTS OF JUSTICE
RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF ORDER
REFORM OF THE JURISPRUDENCE
CODE OF ORDENANÇAS REALES
SCHEMES FOR REDUCING THE NOBILITY
REVOCATION OF THE ROYAL GRANTS
LEGISLATIVE ENACTMENTS
THE QUEEN'S SPIRITED CONDUCT TO THE NOBILITY
MILITARY ORDERS OF CASTILE
ORDER OF ST. JAGO
ORDER OF CALATRAVA
ORDER OF ALCANTARA
GRAND-MASTERSHIPS ANNEXED TO THE CROWN
THEIR REFORMATION
USURPATIONS OF THE CHURCH
RESISTED BY CORTES
DIFFERENCE WITH THE POPE
RESTORATION OF TRADE
SALUTARY ENACTMENTS OF CORTES
PROSPERITY OF THE KINGDOM
NOTICE OF CLEMENCIN

CHAPTER VII.
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE MODERN INQUISITION.
ORIGIN OF THE ANCIENT INQUISITION
ITS INTRODUCTION INTO ARAGON
RETROSPECTIVE VIEW OF THE JEWS IN SPAIN
UNDER THE ARABS
UNDER THE CASTILIANS
PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS
THEIR STATE AT THE ACCESSION OF ISABELLA
CHARGES AGAINST THEM
BIGOTRY OF THE AGE
ITS INFLUENCE ON ISABELLA
CHARACTER OF HER CONFESSOR, TORQUEMADA
PAPAL BULL AUTHORIZING THE INQUISITION
ISABELLA RESORTS TO MILDER MEASURES
ENFORCES THE PAPAL BULL
INQUISITION AT SEVILLE
PROOFS OF JUDAISM
THE SANGUINARY PROCEEDINGS OF THE INQUISITORS
CONDUCT OF THE PAPAL COURT
FINAL ORGANIZATION OF THE INQUISITION
FORMS OF TRIAL
TORTURE
INJUSTICE OF ITS PROCEEDINGS
AUTOS DA FE
CONVICTIONS UNDER TORQUEMADA
PERFIDIOUS POLICY OF ROME
NOTICE OF LLORENTE'S HISTORY OF THE INQUISITION

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